Grade 12 The End of the Cold War and a New World Order

SOURCE 3A The extract below has been taken from a book by T Falola and B House-Soremekun. It explains how globalisation negatively affects the continent of Africa. Globalisation presents Africa and black people as marginal (unimportant): globalising economies seek resources from every corner of the world, and globalised economies reap considerable benefits from their economics and political dominance. The Wealth of Nations, to borrow from Adam Smith's famous book, is used not only to develop the resources within the boundaries of nation-states, but also to tap into the resources of other countries. Africa has given to the outside world more than it received in return, creating the basis to talk about the poverty of nations, the ultimate peak of human progress. Globalisation's critics point to the devastation of the environment, climate change, depletion (reduction) of natural and mineral resources, labour exploitation … Africa is the case study of both positions, providing examples of the benefits and problems of globalisation. Africa experiences globalisation 'from above', that is, a situation where powerful nations and companies with more resources are able to control the major actions and policies that determine the characteristics of global encounters. If Africa is part of the equation of globalisation 'from below', any discussion of its place in the global system will draw us into issues of nationalism and resistance – how Africans can mobilise themselves to win power and privileges, and how international institutions must be reformed. The actors who control globalisation from above call on African countries to practise democracy, but the same democratic principles do not apply to the United Nations Security Council, where a handful of countries have veto (to reject) power. [From Globalisation and Sustainable Development in Africa by T Falola and B House-Soremekun] 3.1.2 Give FOUR points of criticism of globalisation as stated in the source.

SOURCE 3A The extract below has been taken from a book by T Falola and B House-Soremekun. It explains how globalisation negatively affects the continent of Africa. Globalisation presents Africa and black people as marginal (unimportant): globalising economies seek resources from every corner of the world, and globalised economies reap considerable benefits from their economics and political dominance. The Wealth of Nations, to borrow from Adam Smith's famous book, is used not only to develop the resources within the boundaries of nation-states, but also to tap into the resources of other countries. Africa has given to the outside world more than it received in return, creating the basis to talk about the poverty of nations, the ultimate peak of human progress. Globalisation's critics point to the devastation of the environment, climate change, depletion (reduction) of natural and mineral resources, labour exploitation … Africa is the case study of both positions, providing examples of the benefits and problems of globalisation. Africa experiences globalisation 'from above', that is, a situation where powerful nations and companies with more resources are able to control the major actions and policies that determine the characteristics of global encounters. If Africa is part of the equation of globalisation 'from below', any discussion of its place in the global system will draw us into issues of nationalism and resistance – how Africans can mobilise themselves to win power and privileges, and how international institutions must be reformed. The actors who control globalisation from above call on African countries to practise democracy, but the same democratic principles do not apply to the United Nations Security Council, where a handful of countries have veto (to reject) power. [From Globalisation and Sustainable Development in Africa by T Falola and B House-Soremekun] 3.1.3 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, comment on how powerful nations and financial institutions benefitted from the implementation of globalisation 'from above'.

SOURCE 3A The extract below has been taken from a book by T Falola and B House-Soremekun. It explains how globalisation negatively affects the continent of Africa. Globalisation presents Africa and black people as marginal (unimportant): globalising economies seek resources from every corner of the world, and globalised economies reap considerable benefits from their economics and political dominance. The Wealth of Nations, to borrow from Adam Smith's famous book, is used not only to develop the resources within the boundaries of nation-states, but also to tap into the resources of other countries. Africa has given to the outside world more than it received in return, creating the basis to talk about the poverty of nations, the ultimate peak of human progress. Globalisation's critics point to the devastation of the environment, climate change, depletion (reduction) of natural and mineral resources, labour exploitation … Africa is the case study of both positions, providing examples of the benefits and problems of globalisation. Africa experiences globalisation 'from above', that is, a situation where powerful nations and companies with more resources are able to control the major actions and policies that determine the characteristics of global encounters. If Africa is part of the equation of globalisation 'from below', any discussion of its place in the global system will draw us into issues of nationalism and resistance – how Africans can mobilise themselves to win power and privileges, and how international institutions must be reformed. The actors who control globalisation from above call on African countries to practise democracy, but the same democratic principles do not apply to the United Nations Security Council, where a handful of countries have veto (to reject) power. [From Globalisation and Sustainable Development in Africa by T Falola and B House-Soremekun] 3.1.4 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, explain how experiencing globalisation 'from below' would be of advantage to Africa.

SOURCE 3B The source below is an extract from a book by BK Campbell and J Loxley. It highlights the impact of globalisation through international financial institutions, namely the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, on African countries in the 1980s. The conditions with which African governments have had to respond to the global crisis of the early 1980s have had the effect of locking them into new forms of dependent relationships with Western governments and international financial organisations. In particular, the acute (severe) balance of payments crises suffered by most African states in recent years, and the accompanying disruption of local production, have undermined the continent's ability to service foreign debt incurred in better times. Indeed, many countries have been forced to go into debt in an effort to stave (repair) off economic collapse and/or in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery. In particular, they have turned to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank for balance of payments loans. Usually they have done so reluctantly (unwillingly), and because they have exhausted other possibilities of obtaining finance. Sometimes banks' bilateral donors and other sources of funding insist that African governments borrow from international institutions as a condition for maintaining their own contribution to balance of payment assistance. Never before have the international financial institutions wielded (used) such pervasive (extensive) influence on policy formulation in Africa; not since the days of colonialism have external forces been so powerfully focused to shape Africa's economic structure and the nature of its participation in the world system. Structural adjustments, as advocated by the international institutions, seek to restore growth and stability by recasting (changing) relative prices, domestic expenditures and the type and degree of state intervention in the economy. [From Structural Adjustment in Africa by BK Campbell and J Loxley] 3.2.1 Consult Source 3B. Quote FOUR pieces of evidence from the source to indicate that Africa's experience of the global crisis in the 1980s led to a dependency relationship with the West.