Grade 12 Independent Africa

SOURCE 2A The source below outlines how Agostinho Neto under the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) took control of Angola after the country achieved full independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975. Following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal during April 1974 (which deposed of Salazar's successor Marcelo Caetano), three political factions vied (contested) for Angolan power. One of the three was the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), to which Agostinho Neto belonged. On 11 November 1975, Angola achieved full independence from the Portuguese, and Neto became the nation's ruler after the MPLA seized Luanda at the expense of the other liberation movements. He established a one- party state and his government developed close links with the Soviet Union and other nations in the Eastern bloc and other communist states, particularly Cuba, which aided the MPLA considerably in its war with the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and South Africa. … As a consequence, he violently repressed (suppressed) a movement later called Fractionism, which in 1977 attempted a coup d ' état (overthrowing an existing government) inspired by the Organização dos Comunistas de Angola. Tens of thousands of followers (or alleged followers) of Nito Alves were executed in the aftermath of the attempted coup, over a period that lasted up to two years. [From https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2014/01/agostinho-neto-pan-african- culturalist.html?m=1. Accessed on 22 March 2023.] 2.1.2 Identify in the source the THREE nationalist movements that contested the control of Angola after independence.

SOURCE 2A The source below outlines how Agostinho Neto under the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) took control of Angola after the country achieved full independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975. Following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal during April 1974 (which deposed of Salazar's successor Marcelo Caetano), three political factions vied (contested) for Angolan power. One of the three was the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), to which Agostinho Neto belonged. On 11 November 1975, Angola achieved full independence from the Portuguese, and Neto became the nation's ruler after the MPLA seized Luanda at the expense of the other liberation movements. He established a one- party state and his government developed close links with the Soviet Union and other nations in the Eastern bloc and other communist states, particularly Cuba, which aided the MPLA considerably in its war with the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and South Africa. … As a consequence, he violently repressed (suppressed) a movement later called Fractionism, which in 1977 attempted a coup d ' état (overthrowing an existing government) inspired by the Organização dos Comunistas de Angola. Tens of thousands of followers (or alleged followers) of Nito Alves were executed in the aftermath of the attempted coup, over a period that lasted up to two years. [From https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2014/01/agostinho-neto-pan-african- culturalist.html?m=1. Accessed on 22 March 2023.] 2.1.3 Name TWO communist countries in the source with which Neto formed close links.

SOURCE 2A The source below outlines how Agostinho Neto under the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) took control of Angola after the country achieved full independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975. Following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal during April 1974 (which deposed of Salazar's successor Marcelo Caetano), three political factions vied (contested) for Angolan power. One of the three was the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), to which Agostinho Neto belonged. On 11 November 1975, Angola achieved full independence from the Portuguese, and Neto became the nation's ruler after the MPLA seized Luanda at the expense of the other liberation movements. He established a one- party state and his government developed close links with the Soviet Union and other nations in the Eastern bloc and other communist states, particularly Cuba, which aided the MPLA considerably in its war with the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and South Africa. … As a consequence, he violently repressed (suppressed) a movement later called Fractionism, which in 1977 attempted a coup d ' état (overthrowing an existing government) inspired by the Organização dos Comunistas de Angola. Tens of thousands of followers (or alleged followers) of Nito Alves were executed in the aftermath of the attempted coup, over a period that lasted up to two years. [From https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2014/01/agostinho-neto-pan-african- culturalist.html?m=1. Accessed on 22 March 2023.] 2.1.4 What does the execution of Nito Alves' followers suggest about Neto's leadership?

SOURCE 2B The photograph below, titled 'Angola's Brutal History and the MPLA's Role in it', appeared in the Guardian newspaper, 5 May 2014. It was taken in December 1975 and depicts soldiers of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) who fought in the Angolan Civil War. [From the Guardian newspaper, 5 May 2014] 2.2.1 Why do you think this photograph was taken in December 1975?