Grade 10 Transformations in southern Africa after 1750

SOURCE 1A (extract) This source describes Shaka and the rise of the Zulu state. Being an outcast as a child, Shaka was brought up among a number of neighbouring groups, finally ending up with the Mthethwa where he distinguished himself as a skilled warrior in Dingiswayo’s army. Dingiswayo was so impressed by Shaka that in 1816 he helped him become chief of the Zulus upon the death of Senzangakhona. Among the Zulu, Shaka consolidated a number of military innovations – some developed by Dingiswayo, … to produce a powerful military machine. All young men were incorporated into age regiments and given military training. A short stabbing spear was introduced …, giving Shaka’s army an advantage in close combat. Military strategies, such as the ‘horn’ formation by which Zulu regiments encircled their enemies, were perfected. When Dingiswayo was killed, Shaka with his military machine avenged his mentor's death, …. Shaka then incorporated the Mthethwa under his rule and established the Zulu state as the dominant power among the northern Nguni. [From https://www.google.com/search?source. Accessed 6 July 2019.] 1.1.3 According to the source, what was the first thing Shaka did when he became the leader of the Zulus?

SOURCE 1A (extract) This source describes Shaka and the rise of the Zulu state. Being an outcast as a child, Shaka was brought up among a number of neighbouring groups, finally ending up with the Mthethwa where he distinguished himself as a skilled warrior in Dingiswayo’s army. Dingiswayo was so impressed by Shaka that in 1816 he helped him become chief of the Zulus upon the death of Senzangakhona. Among the Zulu, Shaka consolidated a number of military innovations – some developed by Dingiswayo, … to produce a powerful military machine. All young men were incorporated into age regiments and given military training. A short stabbing spear was introduced …, giving Shaka’s army an advantage in close combat. Military strategies, such as the ‘horn’ formation by which Zulu regiments encircled their enemies, were perfected. When Dingiswayo was killed, Shaka with his military machine avenged his mentor's death, …. Shaka then incorporated the Mthethwa under his rule and established the Zulu state as the dominant power among the northern Nguni. [From https://www.google.com/search?source. Accessed 6 July 2019.] 1.1.5 Explain why Shaka was referred to as an outcast.

SOURCE 1A (extract) This source describes Shaka and the rise of the Zulu state. Being an outcast as a child, Shaka was brought up among a number of neighbouring groups, finally ending up with the Mthethwa where he distinguished himself as a skilled warrior in Dingiswayo’s army. Dingiswayo was so impressed by Shaka that in 1816 he helped him become chief of the Zulus upon the death of Senzangakhona. Among the Zulu, Shaka consolidated a number of military innovations – some developed by Dingiswayo, … to produce a powerful military machine. All young men were incorporated into age regiments and given military training. A short stabbing spear was introduced …, giving Shaka’s army an advantage in close combat. Military strategies, such as the ‘horn’ formation by which Zulu regiments encircled their enemies, were perfected. When Dingiswayo was killed, Shaka with his military machine avenged his mentor's death, …. Shaka then incorporated the Mthethwa under his rule and established the Zulu state as the dominant power among the northern Nguni. [From https://www.google.com/search?source. Accessed 6 July 2019.] 1.1.6 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge explain why Shaka introduced the short stabbing spear.

SOURCE 1A (extract) This source describes Shaka and the rise of the Zulu state. Shaka fostered a new national identity by stressing the Zuluness of the state. All subjects of the state became Zulu and owed the king their personal allegiance. Zulu traditions of origin became the national traditions of the state. Customary Nguni festivals, such as planting and harvest celebrations, became occasions on which Shaka gathered vast numbers of his people and extolled (celebrate) the virtues of the state. Through such means, Shaka developed a Zulu consciousness that transcended the original identities and lineages (families) of the various peoples who were his subjects. Shaka consolidated his power through a series of wars against neighbouring peoples. His armies raided for cattle and food; they attacked any who challenged the authority of the Zulu monarch; … He also welcomed British traders to his kingdom and sent diplomatic emissaries (representatives) to the British king. [From https://www.google.com/search?source. Accessed 6 July 2019.] 1.1.7 Comment on how Shaka’s diplomatic skills made him a powerful Zulu leader.